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Joseph Nye English Shipwright to Peter the Great
Book Review: A Russian Journal by John Steinbeck & Robert Capa
Death of the Romanov Family
The Cossacks were an ex
Rivers – Since many of the main towns and cities were situated near rivers, steamboats were a popular means of transport for people taking long journeys. In particular, the River Volga played a vital role in the movement of people from Moscow to cities as far as Astrakhan. In winter, when the rivers froze solid, sleighs replaced boats.
Russia’s industrial backwardness meant that movement between towns, cities and rural communities was fraught with difficulties.
At the beginning of the twentieth century Russia was still a backward country ruled over by an autocratic Tsar. A number of practical problems contributed to the difficulties of governing this vast land. The main difficulties were:
From east to west the Russian Empire spanned over 4,000 miles and from north to south, approximately 2 [link widoczny dla zalogowanych],000 miles. It measured one-sixth of the world’s total land mass. The frozen tundra, miles of impenetrable forests, huge areas of grassland known as the Steppes, as well as the desert areas to the south, made up the complex features of the Russian landscape. In addition, each location had its own, often harsh, climate. In 1900 governing such a land and its varied inhabitants was a bureaucratic and technological nightmare.
Railways – Although there had been a railway boom in the 1890s, by 1900 Russian railways were still confined to European Russia. This was the main agricultural area where the population was greatest. The exception was the Trans-Siberian railway. Work began on this route in 1891 and the last stages were completed in 1904. It ran from Moscow in the west to Vladivostok on the east coast. The journey took more than a week, yet proved vital in opening up the Siberian wilderness to settlement and trade, in a similar way to the development of the American west.The People of the Russian Empire in 1900
Travel in Russia in 1900
Therefore, a major problem in governing Russia at this period was the deep resentment amongst many of the national groups towards their conquerors. A policy of ‘Russification’ (being forced to speak Russian [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], wear Russian clothing and adopt Russian customs) brought about widespread dissatisfaction. Areas such as Finland, Poland and Latvia were overseen by Russian bureaucrats who ensured the Russian language was spoken in key areas such as law courts, schools and in local government. In addition to seething resentments, divisions between national groups themselves exacerbated the situation.
Roads – Roads in Russia were extremely primitive outside of the large cities. Major centres like St Petersberg and Moscow might boast paved roads but in the provincial towns rutted earth, which turned to mud, was the norm. In winter these ruts became ice, making travelling by horse-drawn sleigh a hazardous business. Roads were often blocked and even when clear, travel was slow and tedious.
In 1900 the Russian Empire was made up of approximately 150 million people. The majority lived west of the Ural Mountains, in European Russia [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and had developed a deep pride in their customs and religion. However, less than half the population of the Empire regarded themselves as true Russians, belonging to nationalities conquered by the European Russians of the west. They had their own languages and cultures.
The size of the Russian EmpireTravel/Communication difficultiesExistence of different national groupsThe Size of the Russian Empire in 1900